Raoul You are forgetting Rudge Whitworth whose steel cotterless cranks were, I think, pre First World War. They were made with the left hand crank and the axle in one piece. I believe there were two designs for attaching the right hand crank and the chainwheel, one using serrations so that the joint was face to face and the other using splines. I am sure that someone who reads the list will know more about them. Stuart Tallack in West Sussex PS I just used the word 'axle' again.... those of the other persuasion should alter it to spindle!